The gleaming antiquity of my India – vedas and sushruta

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   Vedas are regarded to be one of the foundations of Hinduism. Many Hindus believe that the Vedas are eternally existing (apaurusheya). While many historians regard the Vedas as some of the oldest surviving texts in the world, they estimate to have been written down between 2500 and 500 BCE. 

1. The Rig Veda: The Book of Mantra 
The Rig Veda is a collection of songs or hymns and is a major source of information on the Rig Vedic civilization. It is the oldest book in any Indo-European language. Some people say that Rig Veda are as early as 12000 BC - 4000 B.C. The Rig-Vedic is collection of mantras consists of 1,017 hymns. 

2. The Sama Veda: The Book of Song 
The Sama Veda is purely a rhythmic collection of melodies (‘saman’). The hymns in the Sama Veda, used as musical notes, were almost completely drawn from the Rig Veda. Hence, its text is a reduced version of the Rig Veda. 

3. The Yajur Veda: The Book of Ritual 
The Yajur Veda is another collection and was made to be used in ceremonial religion. The Yajur Veda practically served as a guide for the priests who execute sacrificial acts. 

4. The Atharva Veda: The Book of Spell 

The last of the Vedas, This is completely different from the other three Vedas and is next in importance to Rig-Veda with regard to history and sociology and are also simpler in language.  

The four Yugas viz., Satya, Treta, Dwapara and Kaliyuga. 

In Kali Yuga,the knowledge and power of man is restricted. Vedas may have more relevance to especially Kaliyuga which is left with only 25%.truth (In Satya 100% truth prevailed; in Treta 25% of truth lost, in Dwapara 50%), There is a universal world which is infected with impurities and problems .Huge Floods and famine, war and crime are in this very age. 

Sushruta (Around 800 BC) was an ancient Indian surgeon and is the author of Sushruta Samhita, in which he describes over 300 surgical procedures and 120 surgical instruments and classifies human surgery. He lived, taught and practiced near Ganga in the area that corresponds to the present day city of Varanasi.

Because of this he is also known by the title "Father of Surgery." Much of this is contained in a series of volumes he authored as the Sushruta Samhita.

I am genuinely feeling like paying my gratitude towards the almighty to provide me a birthplace with this glorifying past and certainly an extremely bright future.

      
  

Source:  Written by Myself And a bit reference from :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas
http://www.stephen-knapp.com/vedic_culture_hinduism_a_short_introduction.htm
          

The Bifurcating Line - Berlin Wall

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The Worth of Worthless Wall

The wall of 20th century,  This was the result of the loss of germany by the hands of Britain, France and its allies. As a treaty the tore Germany into two pieces.

What Was the Berlin Wall?

The Berlin Wall was both the physical division between West Berlin and East Germany from 1961 to 1989 and the symbolic boundary between democracy and Communism during the Cold War.

Dates: August 13, 1961 -- November 9, 1989

Also Known As: Berliner Mauer (in German)

Overview of the Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall was erected in the dead of night and for 28 years kept East Germans from fleeing to the West. Its destruction, which was nearly as instantaneous as its creation, was celebrated around the world.

A Divided Berlin

In World War II, the Allied powers divided conquered Germany into four zones, each occupied by either the United States, Great Britain, France, or the Soviet Union. The same was done with Germany's capital city, Berlin.

In 1949, this new organization of Germany became official when the three zones occupied by the United States, Great Britain, and France combined to form West Germany. The zone occupied by the Soviet Union quickly followed by forming East Germany (the German Democratic Republic).

This same division into West and East occurred in Berlin. Since the city of Berlin had been situated entirely within the Soviet zone of occupation, West Berlin became an island of democracy within Communist East Germany. 

Mass Emigration

Within a short period of time after the war, living conditions in West Germany and East Germany became distinctly different. With the help and support of its occupying powers, West Germany set up a capitalist society and experienced such a rapid growth of their economy that it became known as the "economic miracle." 

With hard work, individuals living in West Germany were able to live well, buy gadgets and appliances, and to travel as they wished. 


Nearly the opposite was true in East Germany. 

Since the Soviet Union had viewed their zone as a spoil of war, the Soviets pilfered factory equipment and other valuable assets from their zone and shipped them back to the Soviet Union. 

When East Germany became its own country, it was under the direct influence of the Soviet Union and thus a Communist society was established. In East Germany, the economy dragged and individual freedoms were severely restricted.

By the late 1950s, many people living in East Germany wanted out. No longer able to stand the repressive living conditions of East Germany, they would pack up their bags and head to West Berlin.

By the early 1960s, East Germany was rapidly losing both its labor force and its population. Although the Soviet Union even threatened the United States with the use of nuclear weapons over this issue, the United States and other Western countries were committed to defending West Berlin.

Desperate to keep its citizens, East Germany decided to build a wall to prevent them from crossing the border. Telephone wires between East and West Berlin were also cut.

With that last step, and in accordance with article 1 of the Treaty, Germany was officially reunited at 00:00 CET on 3 October 1990.

So I may conclude that the youth must not be another brick in the wall of differentiation, We all should use the energy to provide our World a better shape for future.

Source : Written by Myself and a bit of resource from 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/11/07/berlin-wall-facts/18668817/

The New Dawn of Europe - Renaissance

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The word Renaissance, literally means "Rebirth" in French, and was first appeared in English in the 1830s.

The Renaissance generally considered to have started in Florence, Italy around the years 1350 to 1400. The Renaissance was a period of time from the 14th to the 17th century in Europe. This era bridged the time between the Middle Ages and modern times.

Florence, Italy

The start of the Renaissance also was the end of the Middle Ages. In the late 1300s, Florence had become a rich city. Wealthy merchants and businessmen had the money to hire artisans and craftspeople. This inspired competitions among artists and thinkers. Art began to flourish and new thoughts began to emerge.

The Medici Family was powerful in Florence

In the 1400's the Medici family came into power in Florence. They were wealthy bankers and helped the arts along by sponsoring many artists and using their personal funds to further the humanist movement.

One of the big changes in the Renaissance was in the basic way people thought about things. In the Middle Ages people thought that life was supposed to be hard. They grew up thinking that life was nothing but hard work and war. However, around the 1300s, the people in Florence, Italy began to think differently about life. They studied the writings and works of the Greeks and the Romans and realized that earlier civilizations had lived differently.

This new way of thinking was called Humanism. Now people thought that life could be enjoyable and they could have comforts. They started to think that people should be educated and that things like art, music, and science could make life better for everyone. This was a real change in the way people thought.

Francesco Petrarch is often called the "Father of Humanism". He was a scholar and a poet who lived in Florence in the 1300s. First Renaissance Painter - Giotto di Bondone was a painter in Florence, Italy. Giotto is said to have started the Renaissance in art with his new style of realistic painting.


The Renaissance Man : Leonardo da Vinci was a master painter, sculptor, scientist, inventor, architect, engineer, and writer. Michelangelo was also a superb painter, sculptor, and architect.

The Renaissance was a time of "coming out of the dark". It was a rebirth of education, science, art, literature, music, and a better life for people in general.


Source : Class Notes